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SUMMARY

1. Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel appreciates this opportunity to contribute information to the FCO’s Human Rights Work Inquiry in the following areas:

2. Extreme military and police violence against protestors in Gaza and Haifa;

3. The Jewish Nation State Bill;

4. New wave of “annexation laws” and policies to seize Palestinian private land in the West Bank;

5. The discriminatory revocation of Palestinians’ citizenship and residency status;

6. Discrimination against and dispossession of the Arab Bedouin of the Naqab (Negev);

7. New laws and policies aimed at reducing the political participation of Palestinian citizens in Israel;

8. The shrinking space for civil society in Israel.

This information is followed by a number of recommendations for consideration by the UK Government.

INTRODUCTION TO ADALAH

Established in 1996, Adalah (“Justice” in Arabic) is an independent human rights organisation and legal centre. Adalah’s mission is to promote and defend the human rights of all individuals subject to the jurisdiction of the State of Israel, in particular members of the Palestinian minority in Israel and Palestinian residents of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT). Adalah is the only Palestinian legal centre working to protect the rights of Palestinians in Israel and the OPT before the Israeli courts. Adalah has over 20 years of experience in litigating cases before the Israeli Supreme Court (SCt), and high-level legal expertise of Israeli law and practice has enabled it to achieve landmark legal victories.

FACTUAL INFORMATION

The Palestinian Arab national minority in Israel, who number around 1.5 million people, or 20% of the population, are a homeland group that became an involuntary minority in 1948 with the establishment of the State of Israel. They face widespread institutional discrimination as non-Jewish citizens of a self-defined Jewish state. The FCO’s Human Rights and Democracy Annual Report – 2017 made no mention the Arab minority, which Adalah considers a major omission. Adalah enjoys some contact with the FCO, and would encourage it to engage more regularly with itself and with other CSO representing Arab citizens of Israel.

Below, Adalah presents information about some of its current major concerns. These reflect the increasingly clear reality that Palestinian citizens of Israel and Palestinians living under occupation in the OPT are subject to a single Israeli legal regime in all historical Palestine, one which is implementing similar discriminatory policies against them all on the basis of their national belonging, in breach of international human rights law and international humanitarian law (IHL).

1. Extreme military and police violence against protestors in Gaza and Haifa

1.1. Palestinians in Gaza have been demonstrating since 30 March 2018 in a series of weekly protests known as “The Great March of Return”, demanding the right of return for the Palestinian refugees, who number 1.3 million in Gaza alone, and an end to Israel’s closure of the Strip. To date, 135 Palestinians have been killed by Israel in Gaza, of them 104 in protests, including 15 children, two journalists, two paramedics, and three persons with disability. Another 7,410 people have been injured, including 1,313 children, 271 women, 47 paramedics, and 64 journalists; of them, 3,835 were hit by live fire.[1] Israeli military forces have resorted to lethal and other excessive force against protesters who posed no imminent threat to life or limb, including firing live ammunition via snipers, plastic-coated steel bullets, and tear gas grenades launched from drones.

1.2. Adalah and the Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights (Gaza) successfully secured passage to the West Bank for urgent medical treatment for wounded protestors, and the Israeli SCt’s decision on one of its cases opened the door for others to access critical medical treatment.[2] Adalah and Al Mezan also challenged the Israeli military’s use of live ammunition against the protestors and sniper fire in a SCt petition.[3] However, the court rejected the petition, giving the green light to the Israeli military’s continued use of live fire against protesters in Gaza. On 18 May 2018, Adalah participated in the UN Human Rights Council emergency session that voted to establish a commission of inquiry into the events.[4]

1.3. Adalah also represented protestors arrested by Israeli police in Haifa, Israel on 18 May 2018 while they were demonstrating against the killings in  Gaza. Police employed extreme violence against the peaceful protestors, mostly Palestinian citizens of Israel, and arrested 21 of them, who were subjected to further police brutality during detention. Adalah’s legal team, together with volunteer attorneys and the Human Rights Defenders’ Fund, secured the release of all the detainees, and filed brutality complaints on behalf of protesters to the Justice Ministry’s Police Investigations Unit.[5]

2. The Jewish Nation-State Bill

2.1. The Israeli government is promoting a new Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People.^[6] The purpose of this legislation is to constitutionally enshrine, for the first time, the identity of the State of Israel as the national home of the Jewish people.  It further specifies (Article 1c) that “the right to exercise national self-determination in the State of Israel is exclusive to the Jewish people.” The bill states that the official language of the state is Hebrew, demoting Arabic, which is currently a second official language,  to a language with “a special status” (Articles 4b and 4c). It also establishes Jewish religious law as a legal source of law. (Article 11), and defines Jerusalem as the capital of Israel (Article 3).

2.2. Further, under the law (Article 7b), “The state may allow a religious or a national community to establish a separate [residential] settlement” in Israel. This provision contradicts a pre-existing constitutional principle anchored in Israeli SCt jurisprudence, namely the Qa’dan case in 2000 in which the court held that discrimination between Jewish and Arab citizens in the use and allocation of state-controlled land was impermissible.^[7] While this principle has not been implemented in practice, this new provision seeks to overturn it and establish segregation as a new legal norm. Because the bill has the status of a Basic Law, its enactment could be used to justify discrimination against Palestinian citizens as non-Jews.

2.3. On 7 May 2017, the Ministerial Committee for Legislation voted in favour of the bill. The Knesset also voted in favour in a preliminary reading on 10 May 2017 and it is being prepared for a first reading before the plenum. In parallel, on 4 June 2018, the Knesset Presidium decided to prohibit an Arab MK from introducing a bill that seeks to identify that State of Israel as a “state of all its citizens”, barring even the discussion of equality of citizenship in the country’s legislature.

3. New wave of “annexation laws” and policies to seize Palestinian private land in the West Bank

3.1. While the Israeli Government is legislating itself as a Jewish nation-state, it is further working to establish a Jewish majority in Israel by annexing additional Palestinian-owned land in the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Legislative efforts to that end have accelerated rapidly, in a further breach of the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people in its homeland. The main new “annexation law” is:

3.2. The Settlements Regularisation Law (Law for the Regularisation of Settlement in Judea and Samaria) – 2017: Enacted on 6 February 2017, this law allows Israel to expropriate vast tracts of private Palestinian lands in the West Bank for the purposes of settlement construction. The law establishes a mechanism through which Israeli outposts built on private Palestinian land in the West Bank can be “legalised” – from the perspective of domestic Israeli law – via retroactive expropriation, planning, and zoning regulations.

3.3. The Israeli Government’s official response from August 2017 to litigation against the law brought by Adalah and partners^[8] regards West Bank settlements as already annexed to Israel. The Government contends that: (i) the law offers financial compensation to Palestinian landowners and thus the confiscation is lawful; (ii) the law in fact benefits these land-owners, who could not sell to Israelis due to ‘racist’ Palestinian laws; (iii) the Knesset may legislate matters in the West Bank since they relate to Israelis living there; (iv) Israeli settlers are part of the local civilian population; (v) Israeli settlements in the West Bank are of national importance and thus land confiscation is justified; and (vi) the fact that Palestinians do not vote for the Knesset is irrelevant, as they also do not vote for the Military Commander. In August 2017, the SCt issued a partial injunction freezing the operative parts of the law while the case is pending.

3.4. Pending “annexation bills” include:

3.5. The Negev Development Authority Bill,^[9] which seeks to give settlements equal legal status to that of communities in the Naqab, effectively annexing parts of the southern West Bank to Israel. The bill has been designated for preliminary discussion.

3.6. The “Jerusalem and its Daughters” Bill,^[10] which seeks to annex a ring of West Bank settlements – Beitar Illit, Ma’ale Adumim, Givat Ze’ev, Gush Etzion, and Efrat – that contain over 230,000 settlers to the Jerusalem municipality, and impose Israeli civil law in these occupied areas. The bill has been designated for preliminary discussion.

3.7. A slew of other bills at various stages of the legislative process similarly seek to de facto annex Jewish Israeli settlements to Israel, either en masse or at the level of single settlements or settlement blocs. They do this using several means, including the application of Israeli domestic law to the settlements in the West Bank,^[11] and other bills that seek to apply specific laws, e.g. the Law and Administration Ordinance^[12] and Israel’s planning and building laws.^[13] Notably, Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 was achieved via the same mechanism, i.e. the application of Israel domestic law to the area. At least 20 such bills aim to apply Israeli domestic law to the settlements one settlement or one bloc at a time. A few examples are bills that specifically target the Jordan Valley settlements,^[14] Hebron and surrounding settlements,^[15] Ariel,^[16] Modi’in,^[17] and Gush Etzion,^[18] as well as the “Ma’ale Adumim Sovereignty” Bill.^[19]

4. The discriminatory revocation of Palestinians’ citizenship and residency status

4.1. Adalah is gravely concerned by recent steps taken by Israel to revoke the citizenship and residency status of Palestinians, whether citizens of Israel and residents of the OPT.

4.2. Revocation of the citizenship of Palestinian citizens of Israel: For the first time ever, the Haifa District Court ruled in August 2017 to revoke the citizenship of Alaa Zayoud, a Palestinian citizen of Israel who was sentenced to 25 years in prison after being convicted of attempted murder, leaving him stateless. The ruling sends a threatening and degrading message to Palestinian citizens that their citizenship is second class and conditional. Adalah, together with the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), have appealed this decision to the Israeli SCt. ^[20] The case is pending. The organisations argued that the law was being applied discriminatorily, that the criminal law provides adequate punishment for the crime committed, and that “breach of loyalty” is an overly-vague ground for revoking an individual’s citizenship.

4.3. The arbitrary revocation of citizenship from thousands of Bedouin citizens of Israel: Israel has been implementing a draconian practice of arbitrarily revoking citizenship from Arab Bedouin citizens of Israel, which dates back to at least 2010, and which is estimated to affect at least 2,600 Bedouin citizens living in the Naqab (Negev).^[21] Under this practice, a person’s citizenship can be immediately cancelled if a clerk in the Interior Ministry, when approached by an individual who is requesting regular services such as renewing a passport or registering a change of address, finds administrative irregularities in the registration of the individual or of their parents. The individual’s citizenship status is announced as invalid and downgraded to permanent residency, effectively leaving them stateless. Aimed exclusively at Bedouin citizens, the policy violates international human rights law, but also Israel’s own Citizenship Law (1952), which prohibits revocation of citizenship as the result of errors.^[22] Further, no Israeli law allows the Interior Ministry to revoke an individual’s citizenship due to an error made by the state.

4.4. The revocation of the residency status of Palestinians in East Jerusalem: From the start of Israel’s occupation of East Jerusalem in June 1967 to the end of 2016, Israel revoked the East Jerusalem residency status of at least 14,595 Palestinians.[23] Most revocations have been carried out based on claims that Palestinians have failed to prove that their “centre of life” is in East Jerusalem, based on the strict and discriminatory parameters of the Israeli Interior Ministry. More recently, Israel has revoked residency on spurious grounds of “breach of loyalty”. Revocations on this basis are tantamount to the collective punishment and forcible transfer of Palestinians from Jerusalem, who are a protected population living under Israel’s belligerent occupation, in a clear violation of international human rights law and IHL.

4.5. In September 2017, the Israeli SCt delivered a precedent-setting judgment that the Interior Minister had no legal authority to revoke the East Jerusalem permanent residency status of four Palestinian parliamentarians elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council on the Change and Reform Movement list. The Israeli Interior Minister revoked their residency status in 2006 for alleged “breach of loyalty” for sitting in a “foreign parliament” and allegedly being members of Hamas, a terrorist organisation. These charges are illegitimate since Israel has no right as an occupying power to demand that members of the occupied population should demonstrate loyalty to it. Adalah represented the four parliamentarians via an amicus curiae legal opinion submitted together with ACRI in May 2007.^[24] Some SCt justices referred to the special status of Jerusalem residents as “indigenous inhabitants”.

4.6. Following the decision, the Knesset enacted a new law on 7 March 2018 to authorise the Interior Minister to revoke the permanent residency status of any Palestinian from East Jerusalem whom he suspects of “breach of loyalty” to Israel.^[25] The residency status of the four men was re-revoked on the basis of the new law; Adalah will submit a new amicus curiae opinion on the subject to the SCt.

4.7. The ongoing ban on unification for Palestinian families: The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) – 2003 bans family unification in Israel between Palestinian citizens of Israel and Palestinians from the OPT, affecting thousands of families on both sides of the Green Line. It further bans family unification in Israel for citizens and residents of certain Arab and Muslim countries classified by Israel as “enemy states”, based entirely on the spouse’s nationality. The law has now been in effect for 15 years, renewed perfunctorily by the Knesset when it expires. This discriminatory law was last extended in June 2018. While officially a temporary measure, Israel is using the law to create a permanent ban on Palestinian family unification in Israel, despite the severe violations of the rights to equality, dignity and family life.

5. Discrimination against and dispossession of the Arab Bedouin of the Naqab (Negev)

5.1. The Arab Bedouin are an indigenous group that has been living in the Naqab for centuries, long before the establishment of Israel in 1948. Today, about 240,000 Bedouin citizens of Israel live in the Negev-Naqab in three types of settlements: government-planned towns, recognised villages and unrecognised villages. The State of Israel has consistently refused to recognise the historical land claims of the Arab Bedouin, in a break from the policy of the British Mandate Authorities.[26]

5.2. There are 35 unrecognised Bedouin villages in the Naqab that the State of Israel refers to either as the “dispersion” or as “illegal villages”, and to their inhabitants as “trespassers” on state land. Some of these areas are historical villages that existed before 1948, while others were created after the Israeli military government displaced their inhabitants during the 1950s. In most of the unrecognised villages there are no schools, health clinics, basic infrastructure, including electricity, running water, paved roads and sewage disposal systems, and they have no representation in local councils, nor can their residents register to participate in municipal elections. The residents of these villages live in severe hardship and poverty. 

5.3. The state established seven government-planned Bedouin towns in the 1970s as part of an ongoing process of urbanisation. All seven towns are characterised by poverty, deprivation, high unemployment, crime and social tension, and inadequate provision of state services. Israel also recognised 12 Bedouin villages via various government resolutions from 1999 onwards. The state hailed their recognition as a shift in official policy; however, almost two decades later, there is no significant difference between these recognised Bedouin villages and the unrecognised villages. The residents of most of these villages continue to be denied access to basic state services, including water, electricity, sewage disposal, and paved roads.

5.4. Israel has aggressively intensified its use of home demolitions against the Arab Bedouin in the Naqab, which tripled between 2012 and 2017, according to the Ministry of Public Security.[27] The state has continued to use home demolitions as a tool for evicting families, and sometimes whole villages, to urban towns, depriving them of their land and traditional way of life. Families residing in all Bedouin localities in the Naqab are subject to the state’s discriminatory policy of house demolitions, and the fact that the government-planned towns and recognised villages have been approved by the state does not exempt their residents. 

6. New laws and policies aimed at reducing the political participation of Palestinian citizens in Israel

6.1. New legislation enacted to delegitimise the elected representatives of Palestinian citizens of Israel and limit their political participation includes:

6.2. The Basic Law: The Knesset – Expansion of Grounds for Disqualifying Candidates from Knesset Elections - 2017:^[28] Enacted on 14 March 2017, this law amends Article 7A of the Basic Law to expand the grounds on which political parties and individual candidates can be disqualified from elections to include not only their goals and actions, but also their statements. Under the law, parties and candidates can be disqualified if their goals/actions – explicitly or implicitly – negate the existence of the State of Israel as a “Jewish and democratic state”; or incite to racism; or support armed struggle by a hostile state or terrorist organisation against the State of Israel. The amendment makes disqualification easier by including statements among the accepted grounds, which are more open to overly-broad interpretation. In all recent rounds of Knesset elections, right-wing actors have filed disqualification motions against Arab candidates and parties, which have either been rejected by the Central Elections Committee or blocked by the SCt. The law aims to lower the standard of proof required to effect a disqualification.

6.3. The Expulsion of MKs Law – 2016:^[29] This law, enacted by the Knesset on 20 July 2016, allows a majority of 90 Knesset Members (MKs) to oust a serving MK for the full period of the Knesset’s remaining term on the following two grounds, as enumerated in Section 7A of the Basic Law: The Knesset: (1) incitement to racism; and/or (2) support for armed struggle of an enemy state or a terrorist organisation against Israel. It presents a grave danger to the most basic civil rights in a democratic society: the right to vote and the right to be elected, and threatens to further restrict freedom of expression. It would allow the Israeli Jewish majority in the Knesset to oust elected Arab MKs and political lists on the basis of purely political/ideological considerations, despite the clear conflict of interest entailed. MK Yousef Jabareen, Adalah and ACRI challenged the constitutionality of this law before the SCT.^[30] On 27 May 2018, the SCT rejected the petitions, allowing MKs to oust their colleagues from the Knesset.

6.4. The Electoral Threshold Law – 2014:^[31] The Knesset amended the Election Law in 2014 to raise the threshold required of political parties to enter the parliament from 2% to 3.25%, ahead of the March 2015 Israeli general elections. The goal behind this law was to exclude the three main Arab political parties. In response, the Arab parties decided to run together as a single slate – called the Joint List – despite their political and ideological differences (socialist-secular, religious, nationalist, etc.). Adalah and ACRI submitted an amicus curiae opinion arguing for the unconstitutionality of the new law before the SCt, which dismissed the case in an 8-1 vote in January 2015.^[32]

7. The shrinking space for civil society in Israel

7.1. In recent years the space for human rights organisations (HROs) and defenders in Israel has shrunk dramatically, due in large part to new legislation that seeks to curb their activities, including:

7.2. Law Banning BDS Supporters from Entering Israel:^[33] Enacted by the Knesset on 6 March 2017, this law bans entry of foreign nationals and of Palestinians from the West Bank if they or the organisations they belong to publicly expressed support for boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) against the State of Israel or against Israeli settlements. It violates basic civil and political rights of Palestinian residents of the OPT, as well as Palestinian citizens of Israel, as it prohibits entry of foreigners with whom they have family ties, work relations and other connections solely based on those individuals’ political expressions. In January 2018, the Government published a “blacklist” of over 20 organisations from Europe, the United States, South America, and Africa whose employees and/or members are banned from entering Israel due to their alleged support of the BDS campaign.^[34] Numerous activists have been denied entry to Israel on the basis of this law.

7.3. NGO “Foreign Funding” Law:^[35] Enacted on 11 July 2016, this new law requires NGOs that receive more than 50% of their annual budget from foreign governments to declare their sources of funding in all publications, including letters to government and public officials, and in reports to the Registrar of Non-Profit Associations. As 25 of the 27 Israeli organisations that currently receive more than half their budget from foreign governments are HROs, it is clear that these groups, which are highly critical of the Israeli government’s policies, particularly in the OPT, were targeted by the law. The NGOs are already legally required to comply with invasive reporting requirements that mandate them to publish quarterly reports on any funding received from foreign governments or publicly-funded foreign donors. Moreover, financial assistance from international sources is legitimate and necessary in states, such as Israel/the OPT, where serious human rights violations occur.

7.4. The US, the EU, numerous legislators in EU member state parliaments including the German Parliament, among others, criticised the law and called on the Israeli government not to support its passage. Additional bills that seek to impose arbitrary restrictions on human rights defenders are a bill to deny tax-exempt status to NGOs that criticise the State of Israel abroad,^[36] and a denial of freedom of information bill targeting NGOs that receive their source of funding from foreign states.^[37]

ADALAH’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION BY THE UK GOVERNMENT

Adalah urges the UK Government to:

1. Continue to consult and to support the work of human rights organisations in Israel/Palestine, which is distinct from actions that promote Arab-Jewish coexistence and “shared society”;
2. Place greater emphasis on the situation of the Palestinian minority in Israel, and incorporate information about it in its human rights reports, including the FCO’s Human Rights and Democracy Annual Reports, and to engage on a more regular basis with Adalah and other local CSOs to that end;
3. Recognize that, thanks to decades of settlement expansion and entrenchment, there is now in practice a single Israeli legal regime in operation in all of Israel/Palestine that is implementing parallel policies that violate the rights of Palestinians on both sides of them Green Line, and adjust its interventions accordingly;
4. Support an international, investigatory commission of inquiry into the killings and injury of Palestinian protesters in Gaza by the Israeli military from 30 March 2018;
5. Continue to press the Israel to freeze all settlement construction, reiterate the illegality of all the settlements in the Occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and condemn all forced displacement of Palestinians on either side of the Green Line, including the Bedouin in the Naqab;
6. Voice concerns to Israel regarding the Jewish Nation-State Bill, as an ethno-centric law that threatens the citizenship status and basic rights of Palestinian citizens of Israel and other non-Jewish citizens.

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